Tragedy & Hope 101
Bonus Material

Here are many of my highlighted references from Carroll Quigley's Anglo-American Establishment . Some of my notes and comments are also included.

  • Text from Quigley's book will be presented in quotes: "like this."
  • My comments will be presented in parentheses: (like this).
  • Much of the material below was typed out manually, so there may be some typos.
  • This document is approximately 8,000 words long.

For a list of all additional bonus material, click here .

IX: Rhode's secret society still exists today + No insider will tell the story:

"Rhodes in five previous wills left his fortune to form a secret society, which was to devote itself to the preservation and expansion of the British Empire. And what does not seem to be known to anyone is that this secret society was created by Rhodes and his principal trustee, Lord Milner, and continues to exist to this day…It is not easy for an outsider to write the history of a secret group of this kind, but, since no insider is going to do it, an outsider must attempt it. It should be done, for this Group is, as I shall show, one of the most important historical facts of the twentieth century."

XI: Quigley agrees with their goals, not their methods:

"In general, I agree with the goals and aims of the Milner Group. I feel that the British way of life and the British Commonwealth of Nations are among the great achievements of all history…But, agreeing with the Group on goals, I cannot agree with them on methods. To be sure, I realize that some of their methods were based on nothing but good intentions…But their lack of perspective in critical moments, their failure to use intelligence and common sense…their tendency to place power and influence into hands chosen by friendship rather than merit, their oblivion to the consequences of their actions, their ignorance of the point of view of persons in other countries or of persons in other classes in their own country – these things, it seems to me, have brought many of the things which they and I hold dear close to disaster…I feel that the truth has a right to be told, and, once told, can be an injury to no men of good will. Only by a knowledge of the errors of the past is it possible to correct the tactics of the future."

3: Formed in 1891, this Rhodes' secret society is one of the most important forces in British foreign policy

4-5: Despite its power, the Network has been able to hide its influence:

"This organization has been able to conceal its existence quite successfully and many of its most influential members, satisfied to possess the reality rather than the appearance of power, are unknown even to close students of British history. This is the more surprising when we learn that one of the chief methods by which this Group works has been through propaganda. It plotted the Jameson Raid of 1895; it caused the Boer War of 1899 – 1902; it set up and controls the Rhodes Trust; it created the Union of South Africa in 1906 – 1910…it founded the British Empire periodical The Round Table in 1910…it has been the most powerful single influence in All Souls, Balliol, and New Colleges of Oxford for more than a generation; it has controlled The Times for more than fifty years, with the exception of the three years 1919 – 1922; it publicized the idea of and the name 'British Commonwealth of Nations' in the period 1908 – 1918; it was the chief influence in Lloyd George's war administration in 1917 – 1919 and dominated the British delegation to the Peace Conference of 1919; it had a great deal to do with the formation and management of the League of Nations and of the system of mandates; it founded the Royal Institute of International Affairs in 1919 and still controls it; it was one of the chief influences on British policy toward Ireland, Palestine, and India in the period 1917 – 1945; it was a very important influence on the policy of appeasement of Germany during the years 1920 – 1940; and it controlled and still controls, to a very considerable extent, the sources and the writing of the history of British Imperial and foreign policy since the Boer War…It would be expected that a Group which could number among its achievements such accomplishments as these would be a familiar subject for discussion among students of history and public affairs. In this case, the expectation is not realized…"

7: They were well-to-do and had family fortunes, but they eventually needed more funding:

"By 1916 the Milner Group had made its entrance into the citadel of political power and for the next twenty-three years steadily extended its influence until, by 1938, it was the most potent political force in Britain…The original members of the Milner Group came from well-to-do, upper-class, frequently titled families…At first their family fortunes may have been adequate to their ambitions, but in time these were supplemented by access to the funds in the foundation of All Souls, the Rhodes Trust and the Beit Trust, the fortune of Sir Abe Bailey, the Astor Fortune, certain powerful British banks (of which the chief was Lazard Brothers and Company), and, in recent years, the Nuffield money."

11: Milner wants to 'do good' diary:
"I…must choose between public usefulness and private happiness. I choose the former, or rather, I choose to strive for it."

15: Methods of exerting influence:

"These methods can be summed up under three headings: (a) a triple-front penetration in politics, education, and journalism; (b) the recruitment of men of ability…and the linking of these men to the Cecil Bloc by matrimonial alliances and by gratitude for titles and positions of power; and (c) the influencing of public policy by placing members of the Cecil Block in positions of power shielded as much as possible from public attention."

21: All Souls Fellows provided opportunity:
"As the biographer of Viscount Halifax has put it, 'It is safe to assert that the Fellow of All Souls is a man marked out for a position of authority in public life, and there is no surprise if he reaches the summit of power, but only disappointment if he falls short of the opportunities that are set out before him.'"

22: Milner Group influence in All Souls + Quigley addresses an observer's inaccurate observation regarding control:

"The realization is increased when we see that these persons with the power to obtain renewing appointments are members of a shadowy group with common undergraduate associations, close personal relationships, similar interests and ideas, and surprisingly similar biographical experience. It is this shadowy group which includes the All Souls members of the Milner Group…The Milner Group [has exercised its power] in regard to the seventeen ex-officio fellowships, the ten Distinguished Persons fellowships, and the twelve reelective fellowships. And it has also been important in contributing to the general direction and policy of the college…This does not mean that the Milner Group is identical with All Souls, but merely that it is the chief, if not the controlling, influence in it, especially in recent years." + "…the writer was shrewd enough to see that an outside group dominates All Souls. He was also able to see the link between All Souls and The Times, although quite mistaken in his conclusion that the latter controls the former. As we shall see, the Milner Group dominates both."

29: Cecil block begins to lose strength after the death of Lord Salisbury, largely replaced by the Milner Group, Milner shifted focus from "family connection to ideological agreement"

30: Different generations of the Cecil Block listed, the third generation was 'dominated by the Milner group, very serious, very political, very secretive' + two exclusive dining clubs called: "The Club" and "Grillions"

31: Margot Tennant has a "romantic interlude" with Milner and then gets him appointed to "chairmanship of the Board of Inland Revenue"

32: The third generation knew it was a secret group and acquired its power too easily:

"They still had the basic weakness of the second generation…namely that they got everything too easily. Political power, wealth, and social position came to this third generation as a gift from the second, without the need to struggle for what they got or to analyze the foundation of their beliefs."

33 - 34: Discusses the fact that Cecil Rhodes's secret society was mentioned in five of Rhodes's wills, the Rhodes scholarships "were merely a façade to conceal the secret society, or, more accurately, they were to be one of the instruments by which the members of the secret society could carry out his purpose" which included "recover the United States of America" as part of the British Empire…Also discusses how Rhodes wanted the secret society to model the Jesuits + mentions his aim is to serve humanity and prevent war with one giant empire + Lord Rothschild named in one of his wills + Quigley refutes the claim that Rhodes abandoned the idea of a secret society

35: Quote about using 'propaganda' to further cause:

"In 1894 Stead discussed with Rhodes how the secret society would work and wrote about it after Rhodes's death as follows: 'We also discussed together various projects for propaganda, the formation of libraries, the creation of lectureships, the dispatch of emissaries on missions of propaganda throughout the Empire, and the steps to be taken to pave the way for the foundation and the acquisition of a newspaper which was to be devoted to the service of the cause.' This is an exact description of the way in which the society, that is the Milner Group, has functioned."

37: Rhodes chooses Stead to help him after Stead is sent to prison:
"Although Rhodes accepted Stead's ideas, he did not decide that Stead was the man he wanted to be his lieutenant in the secret society until Stead was sent to prison in 1885 for his articles on organized vice in the Pall Mall Gazette.

39: The inner circle of the secret society "The Society of the Elect" and the outer circle "The Association of Helpers" with initial 'draft membership' listed

40: Names the actual initiates, says Rothschild was 'indifferent'

48 - 49: Character of the secret society changes (becomes more effective) after Rhodes dies and Milner takes the helm + Quigley discounts Rothschild's influence again + discusses Rhodes's absolute support of Milner and the fact that both Milner and Rhodes felt they should pursue their goal by "secret political and economic influence behind the scenes and by the control of journalistic, educational, and propaganda agencies."

52: Milner's Kindergarten listed

55: Carnegie Foundation donations to the Royal Institute of International Affairs

57: A quote about Milner's intense dedication to his 'cause' from an insider close to him (John Buchan) + they failed to achieve their "federation" and had to settle for a "commonwealth" of nations

59: "Major member" Robert Brand / Baron Brand) wrote a "deliberately naïve book" about the work of Milner's Kindergarten

62: Dawson uses position of 'editor of The Times' to further the group's goals

63: 3-volume account of Milner's Kindergarten in South Africa + Lionel Curtis is one of the most important members, responsible for changing the title "British Empire" to "Commonwealth of Nations" and for giving India self-government

73: "The Kindergartens propagandist journal, The State"

74: Milner's speech on what 'empire' means to him + (page 75) the Kindergarten's control in South Africa including control of propaganda

82: After South African union was achieved, they moved on to the next project:

"The achievement of the Union of South Africa in 1910 did not mean the end of [Milner's] Kindergarten. Instead, it set out to repeat on the imperial scene what it had just accomplished in South Africa. In this new project the inspiration was the same (Milner), the personnel was the same (the Kindergarten), the methods were the same (with the Round Table Groups replacing the 'Closer Union Societies' and The Round Table replacing The State. But, as befitted a larger problem, additional personnel and additional funds were required. The additional personnel came largely from New College and All Souls; the additional funds came from Cecil Rhodes and his associates and All Souls. The older sources of funds (like Abe Bailey) and influence (like The Times) remained loyal to the Group and continued to assist in this second great battle of the Milner Group."

84-85: Milner wants to work in the background in the "formation of opinion rather than in the exercise of power;" he represented an example of the "managerial revolution;" experts guiding society for its own good:

"Milner, in his distaste for party politics and for the parliamentary system…was an example of what James Burnham has called the 'managerial revolution' – that is, the growth of a group of managers, behind the scenes and beyond the control of public opinion, who seek efficiently to obtain what they regard as good for the people."

88: Milner group's control of All Souls and Beit Railway Trust

91-92: Milner group uses All Souls to identify and recruit members after they passed certain tests of ability and loyalty (not allowed into the inner circle though) + list of those who got into the "second circle"

"In general, the movement of persons was not from the Milner Group to All Souls but in the reverse direction. All Souls, in fact, became the chief recruiting agency for the Milner Group, as it had been before 1903 for the Cecil Bloc. The inner circle of this Group, because of its close contact with Oxford and with All Souls, was in a position to notice able young undergraduates at Oxford. These were admitted to All Souls and at once given opportunities in public life and in writing or teaching, to test their abilities and loyalty to the ideals of the Milner Group. If they passed both of these tests, they were gradually admitted to the Milner Group's great fiefs such as the Royal Institute of International Affairs, The Times, The Round Table, or, on the larger scene, to the ranks of the Foreign or Colonial Offices. So far as I know, none of these persons recruited through All Souls ever reached the inner circle of the Milner Group, at least before 1939."

98-99: Balliol, New College and All Souls influence, dominated in many areas in all three colleges and nearly dominated administratively + control of the member's biographies:

"The three were largely dominated by the Milner Group, and they, in turn, largely dominated the intellectual life of Oxford in the fields of law, history, and public affairs. They came close to dominating the university itself in administrative matters…Control of the Dictionary of National Biography will explain how the Milner Group controlled the writing of the biographies of its own members so completely in that valuable work."

100: Influence in other colleges

101 - 102: The Times:
"Beyond the academic field, the Milner Group engaged in journalistic activities that sought to influence public opinion in directions which the Group desired. (The Times taken over "quietly and without struggle.")

108: Fake letter to boost support for the Jameson Raid:

"From this date onward, Miss Shaw was in secret communication with Cecil Rhodes. This communication was so close that she was informed by Rhodes of the plot which led up to the Jameson Raid, months before the raid took place…She even suggested on several occasions that the plans be executed more rapidly, and on one occasion suggested a specific date for the event…In her news articles, Miss Shaw embraced the cause of the British in the Transvaal even to the extent of exaggerating and falsifying their hardships under Boer rule. It was The Times that published as an exclusive feature the famous (and fraudulent) 'women and children' letter, dated 20 December 1895, which pretended to be an appeal for help from the persecuted British in the Transvaal to Dr. Jameson's waiting forces, but which had really been concocted by Dr. Jameson himself on 20 November and sent to Miss Shaw a month later. This letter was published by The Times as soon as news of the Jameson' Raid was known, as a justification of the act."

109: Jameson Raid illustrates the 'machinations of Rhodes's secret society' perfectly:

"The Jameson Raid, if the full story could ever be told, would give the finest possible example of the machinations of Rhodes's secret society. Another example, almost as good, would be the completely untold story of how the society covered up these activities in the face of the investigation of the Parliamentary Select Committee. The dangers from this investigation were so great that even Lord Rothschild was pressed into service as a messenger.

111: The "Select Committee" was a whitewash:

"It is clear that the Select Committee made no real effort to uncover the real relationships between the conspirators, The Times, and the Salisbury government. When witnesses refused to produce documents or to answer questions, the committee did not insist, and whole fields of inquiry were excluded from examination by the committee…both parties on the Committee of Enquiry [made] every effort to conceal the real facts while still providing the public with a good show."

113 - 115: The key is to influence the opinion of the 'important people'

"The Milner Group…hoped to work on the opinions of the small group of 'important people,' who in turn could influence wider and wider circles of persons. This was the basis on which the Milner Group itself was constructed; it was the theory behind the Rhodes Scholarships; it was the theory behind The Round Table and the Royal Institute of International Affairs; it was the theory behind the efforts to control All Souls, New College, and Balliol and, through these three, to control Oxford University; and it was the theory behind The Times.

No effort was made to win a large circulation for The Times, for, in order to obtain such a circulation, it would have been necessary to make changes in the tone of the paper that would have reduced its influence with the elite…The Times was to be a paper for the people who are influential, and not for the masses. The Times was influential, but the degree of its influence would never be realized by anyone who examined only the paper itself. The greater part of its influence arose from its position as one of several branches of a single group, the Milner Group. By the interaction of these various branches on one another, under the pretense that each branch was an autonomous power, the influence of each branch was increased through a process of mutual reinforcement. The unanimity among the various branches was believed by the outside world to be the result of the influence of a single Truth, while really it was the result of the existence of a single group.

Thus, a statesman (a member of the Group) announces a policy. About the same time, the Royal Institute of International Affairs [created and controlled by the Group] publishes a study on the subject, and…a Fellow of All Souls (and a member of the Group) also publishes a volume on the subject (probably through a publishing house, like G. Bell and Sons or Faber and Faber, allied to the Group). The statesman's policy is subjected to critical analysis and final approval in a 'leader' in The Times, while the two books are reviewed (in a single review) in The times Literary Supplement. Both the 'leader' and the review are anonymous but are written by members of the Group. And finally, at about the same time, an anonymous article in The Round Table strongly advocates the same policy. The cumulative effect of such tactics as this, even if each tactical move influences only a small number of important people, is bound to be great. If necessary, the strategy can be carried further, by arranging for the secretary to the Rhodes Trustees to go to America for a series of 'informal discussions' with former Rhodes Scholars, while a prominent retired statesman…is persuaded to say a few words at the unveiling of a plaque in All Souls or New College…by a curious coincidence, both the 'informal discussions' in America and the unveiling speech at Oxford touch on the same topical subject.

An analogous procedure in reverse could be used for policies or books which the Group did not approve. A cutting editorial or an unfriendly book review, followed by a suffocating blanket of silence and neglect, was the best that such an offering could expect from the instruments of the Milner Group."

118: Lionel Curtis writes about his vision of 'self government for all' and Quigley notes his influence in Indian self government and the 'commonwealth of nations'

120: The "Round Table" magazine, first issue 11/15/1910, included no names on any of the articles and the opening statement wasn't signed.

122: Milner against the 'sound-money' principles of late-nineteenth-century banking:

"These ideas of the Group (until 1931, at least) were those of late-nineteenth-century international banking and financial capitalism. The key to all economics and prosperity was considered to rest in banking and finance. With 'sound money,' a balanced budget, and the international gold standard…[These ideas were] directly antithetical to the ideas of Milner as revealed in his book published [in 1923]. Milner insisted that financial questions must be subordinated to economic questions and economic questions to political questions… Milner wanted to isolate the British economy from the world economy by tariffs and other barriers and encourage the economic development of the United Kingdom by a system of government spending, self-regulated capital and labor, social welfare, etc."

127: The "Royal Empire Society" and the "Imperial Federation League"

"This movement resulted in the founding of the Royal Colonial Society (now Royal Empire Society) in 1868 and, as a kind of subsidiary of this, the Imperial Federation League in 1884. Many Unionist members of the Cecil Bloc, such as Brassey and Goschen, were in these organizations. In 1875 F. P. Labilliere, a moving power in both organizations, read a paper before the older one on 'The Permanent Unity of the Empire' and suggested a solution of the imperial problem by creating a superimposed imperial legislative body and a central executive over the whole Empire, including the United Kingdom. Seven years later, in 'The Political Organization of the Empire,' he divided authority between this new federal authority and the Dominions by dividing the business of government into imperial questions, local questions, and questions concerning both levels."

129 - 131: The 'empire' must be held together on moral grounds + the groups socialist leanings (destruction of middle class inevitable)

"This article, entitled 'The Ethics of Empire,' is deserving of close attention. It emphasized that the arguments for the Empire and the bonds which bind it together must be moral and not based on considerations of material advantage or even of defense. This emphasis on moral considerations, rather than economic or strategic, is typical of the Group as a whole and is found in Milner and even in Rhodes. Professional politicians, bureaucrats, utilitarians, and materialist social reformers are criticized for their failure to 'appeal convincingly as an ideal of moral welfare to the ardour and imagination of a democratic people.' They are also criticized for failure to see that this is the basis on which the Empire was reared...

[The Milner Group] members were motivated only slightly by materialistic incentives, and their imperialism was motivated not at all by the desire to preserve or extend capitalism. On the contrary their economic ideology, in the early stages at least, was more socialistic than Manchester in its orientation. To be sure, it was an undemocratic kind of socialism, which was willing to make many sacrifices to the wellbeing of the masses of the people but reluctant to share with these masses political power that might allow them to seek their own well-being.

This socialistic leaning was more evident in the earlier (or Balliol) period than in the later (or New College) period…Esher regarded the destruction of the middle class as inevitable and felt that the future belonged to the workers and an administrative state…Even earlier, Arnold Toynbee was a socialist of sorts and highly critical of the current ideology of liberal capitalism as proclaimed by the high priests of the Manchester School.

Milner gave six lectures on socialism in Whitechapel in 1882... Both Toynbee and Milner worked intermittently at social service of a mildly socialistic kind, an effort that resulted in the founding of Toynbee Hall as a settlement house in 1884. As chairman of the board of Internal Revenue in 1892-1897, Milner drew up Sir William Harcourt's budget, which inaugurated the inheritance tax…Milner became increasingly radical, a development that did not fit any too well with the conservative financial outlook of Brand, or even Hichens. As revealed in his book Questions of the Hour (1923), Milner was a combination of technocrat and guild socialist and objected vigorously to the orthodox financial policy of deflation, balanced budget, gold standard, and free international exchange advocated by the Group after 1918."

133 - 134: The people should be subordinate to the state + their opposition to democracy and willingness to use force to impose their desires:

"Duty to the state and loyalty to one's fellow citizens became the chief values of life…the Milner Group saw the necessity of political organization in order to insure the continued existence of freedom and higher ethical values and hoped to be able to preserve the values of their day by organizing the whole world around the British Empire. Curtis puts this quite clearly in The Commonwealth of Nations (1916), where he says: 'States, whether autocracies or commonwealths, ultimately rest on duty, not on self interest or force.... The quickening principle of a state is a sense of devotion, an adequate recognition somewhere in the minds of its subjects that their own interests are subordinate to those of the state.'" (Absolute nonsense; seduce people into accepting that and the only thing they'll be "subordinate" to is the self-interest of the most talented liars, thieves and murderers.)

"In Asia and Africa, at least, England's civilizing mission was to be carried out by force, if necessary, for 'the function of force is to give moral ideas time to take root.' Asia thus could be compelled to accept civilization, a procedure justifiable to the Group on the grounds that Asians are obviously better off under European rule than under the rule of fellow Asians and, if consulted, would clearly prefer British rule to that of any other European power.

To be sure, the blessings to be extended to the less fortunate peoples of the world did not include democracy. To Milner, to Curtis, and apparently to most members of the Group, democracy was not an unmixed good, or even a good, and far inferior to rule by the best, or, as Curtis says, by those who 'have some intellectual capacity for judging the public interest, and, what is no less important, some moral capacity for treating it as paramount to their own.'"

137: Milner discussed social and imperial problems with H.G. Wells and Bernard Shaw

140: Milner Group "split" the vote to gain power:
"The Group got to power in 1916 by a method which they repeated with the Labour Party in 1931. By a secret intrigue with a parvenu leader of the government, the Group offered to make him head of a new government if he would split his own party and become Prime Minister, supported by the Group and whatever members he could split off from his own party. The chief difference between 1916 and 1931 is that in the former year the minority that was being betrayed was the Group's own social class—in fact, the Liberal Party members of the Cecil Bloc. Another difference is that in 1916 the plot worked—the Liberal Party was split and permanently destroyed— while in 1931 the plotters broke off only a fragment of the Labour Party and damaged it only temporarily (for fourteen years). This last difference, however, was not caused by any lack of skill in carrying out the intrigue but by the sociological differences between the Liberal Party and the Labour Party in the twentieth century."

142 - 145: Milner Group's dominant role in WWI:

"Of Milner's role at this time, John Buchan wrote in his memoirs: 'In the Great War from 1916 to 1918, he was the executant of the War Cabinet who separated the sense from the nonsense in the deliberations of that body, and was responsible for its chief practical achievements…' As Prime Minister, Lloyd George had three members of the Group as his secretaries (P. H. Kerr, 1916-1922; W. G. S. Adams, 1916-1919; E. W. M. Grigg, 1921-1922) and Waldorf Astor as his parliamentary secretary (1917-1918). The chief decisions were made by the War Cabinet and Imperial War Cabinet, whose membership merged and fluctuated but in 1917-1918 consisted of Lloyd George, Milner, Curzon, and Smuts—that is, two members of the Milner Group, one of the Cecil Bloc, with the Prime Minister himself."

146: Balance of power; Milner group wanted to reconstruct Germany following WW1:

"By 1919 they began to think in terms of balance of power and of the need to reconstruct Germany against the dangers of 'bolshevism' on one hand and of 'French militarism' on the other, and they felt that if Germany were made democratic and treated in a friendly fashion she could be incorporated into the British world system…" (Hence, the real reason for the "appeasement" of Hitler prior to World War II.)

149 - 151: The Commonwealth of Nations:

"The evolution of the British Empire into the Commonwealth of Nations is to a very great extent a result of the activities of the Milner Group. To be sure, the ultimate goal of the Group was quite different from the present system, since they wanted a federation of the Empire, but this was a long-run goal, and en route they accepted the present system as a temporary way station…The development of the British Empire into the Commonwealth of Nations and the role which the Milner Group played in this development cannot be understood by anyone who feels that federation and commonwealth were mutually exclusive ideas.

In fact, there were not two ideas, but three, and they were not regarded by the Group as substitutes for each other but as supplements to each other. These three ideas were: (1) the creation of a common ideology and world outlook among the peoples of the United Kingdom, the Empire, and the United States; (2) the creation of instruments and practices of cooperation among these various communities in order that they might pursue parallel policies; and (3) the creation of a federation on an imperial, Anglo-American, or world basis. The Milner Group regarded these as supplementary to one another and worked vigorously for all of them, without believing that they were mutually exclusive alternatives. They always realized, even the most fanatical of them, that federation, even of the Empire only, was very remote. They always, in this connection, used such expressions as 'not in our lifetime' or 'not in the present century.' They always insisted that the basic unity of any system must rest on common ideology, and they worked in this direction through the Rhodes Scholarships, the Round Table Groups, and the Institutes of International Affairs…"

154: December 1919, "League of Empire" mentioned

159: "Imperial Conference" of 1937 dominated by the influence of the Milner Group

161 - 162: First mention of the CFR (Council on Foreign Relations) + traveling expenses for the 1933 British Commonwealth conference paid for by Carnegie Corporation:

"The Milner Group also influenced Commonwealth affairs by publicity work of great quantity and good quality. This was done through the various periodicals controlled by the Group, such as The Round Table, The Times, International Affairs and others; by books published by the Royal Institute of International Affairs and individual members of the Group; by academic and university activities by men like Professor Coupland, Professor Zimmern, Professor Harlow, and others; by public and private discussion meetings sponsored by the Round Table Groups throughout the Commonwealth, by the Institute of International Affairs everywhere, by the Institute of Pacific Relations (IPR), by the Council on Foreign Relations, by the Williamstown Institute of Politics, by the Rhodes Scholarship group; and through the three unofficial conferences on British Commonwealth relations held by the Group since 1933."

165: Great Britain as a "balancing force" between the US and the Soviet Union after WWII

167 - 168: Milner Group's role in Palestine, Ireland, India and Egypt, + mentions Colonel House and his "Inquiry" + Beer's connection to the Milner group, House, the Inquiry, CFR and RIAA

169 - 174: Lord Milner responsible for the plan to create a home for the Jews in Palestine:

"Palestine, however, had a peculiar position among mandates because of the Balfour Declaration of 1917, which states that Britain would regard with favor the establishment of a national home for the Jews in Palestine. This declaration, which is always known as the Balfour Declaration, should rather be called "the Milner Declaration," since Milner was the actual draftsman and was, apparently, its chief supporter in the War Cabinet."

176: Cecil Bloc against home rule for Ireland (plotted, illegally, to thwart it) while the Milner Group was 'for' home rule:

"The Cecil Bloc had always been opposed to Home Rule for Ireland, and when, in 1912-1914, the Liberal government took steps to grant Home Rule, Sir Edward Carson took the lead in opposing these steps….When the Home Rule Bill of 1914 was about to pass, Carson organized a private army, known as the Ulster Volunteers, armed them with guns smuggled in from Germany, and formed a plot to seize control of Belfast at a given signal from him. This signal, in the form of a code telegram, was written in 1914 and on its way to be dispatched by Carson when he received word from Asquith that war with Germany was inevitable. Accordingly, the revolt was canceled and the date on which the Home Rule Bill was to go into effect was postponed by special act of Parliament until six months after peace should be signed.

The information about the telegram of 1914 was revealed to Lionel Curtis by Carson in a personal conversation after war began. Curtis's attitude was quite different, and he thoroughly disapproved of Carson's plot. This difference is an indication of the difference in point of view in regard to Ireland between the Milner Group and the Cecil Bloc. The latter was willing to oppose Home Rule even to the point where it would condone illegal actions; the former, on the contrary, was in favor of Home Rule because it believed that Ireland would aid Britain's enemies in every crisis and leave the Commonwealth at the first opportunity unless it were given freedom to govern itself."

178 -179: The Irish Settlement in the period 1920 – 1923 was "very largely a Milner Group achievement." + Smuts writes the king's speech and tries to convince the Irish rebels they'd be much better off under a British Commonwealth:

"Smuts went to Ireland in June 1921 under an alias and was taken to the hiding place of the rebels. He tried to persuade them that they would be much better off with Dominion status within the British Commonwealth than as a republic, offering as an example the insecure position of the Transvaal before 1895 in contrast with its happy condition after 1909. He said in conclusion,

'Make no mistake about it, you have more privilege, more power, more peace, more security in such a sisterhood of equal nations than in a small, nervous republic having all the time to rely on goodwill, and perhaps the assistance, of foreigners. What sort of independence do you call that? By comparison with real independence it is a shadow. You sell the fact for the name.'"

182-183: "The Royal Institute for International Affairs (RIIA) is nothing but the Milner Group 'writ large.' It was founded by the group, has been consistently controlled by the Group, and to this day is the Milner Group in its widest aspect. It is the legitimate child of the roundtable organization…" + "The Inquiry" dominated by JP Morgan who, along with the Carnegie Foundation, had close ties to the Milner Group.

188 – 191: More on financing Group activities…Carnegie support + Jerome Greene, closely connected to Rockefeller, establishes a relationship with the Milner group and the group received donations from Rockefeller foundation + background info on Chatham House and other financial supporters (banks and corporations, often with Milner members on their boards):

"In general, the funds came from the various endowments, banks, and industrial concerns with which the Milner Group had relationships…"

190 – 192: RIIA / Chatham House has a "parallel organization" called the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) + other 'branch institutes' in India, Canada, South Africa, + the Institute of Pacific Relations (US branch closely affiliate with Rockefeller and Morgan):

"Closely associated with the various Institutes of International Affairs were the various branches of the Institute of Pacific Relations…Originally each country had its national unit, but…the local Institute of Pacific Relations…merged with the local Institute of International Affairs. Even before this, the two Institutes in each country had practically interchangeable officers, dominated by the Milner Group. In the United States, the Institute of Pacific Relations never merged with the Council on Foreign Relations, but the influence of the associates of J. P. Morgan and other international bankers remained strong on both. The chief figure in the Institute of Pacific Relations of the United States was, for many years, Jerome D. Greene, Boston banker close to both Rockefeller and Morgan and for many years secretary to Harvard University."

197: Excellent summary regarding the dangerous power of the Milner Group:

"The purpose of this chapter has been something else: to show that the Milner Group controls the Institute. Once that is established, the picture changes. The influence of Chatham House appears in its true perspective, not as the influence of an autonomous body but as merely one of many instruments in the arsenal of another power.

When the influence which the Institute wields is combined with that controlled by the Milner Group in other fields—in education, in administration, in newspapers and periodicals—a really terrifying picture begins to emerge…The picture is terrifying because such power, whatever the goals at which it may be directed, is too much to be entrusted safely to any group…No country that values its safety should allow what the Milner Group accomplished in Britain—that is, that a small number of men should be able to wield such power in administration and politics, should be given almost complete control over the publication of the documents relating to their actions, should be able to exercise such influence over the avenues of information that create public opinion, and should be able to monopolize so completely the writing and the teaching of the history of their own period."

206: Claims that Gandhi was wrong for not trusting the British

224: Quigley says the Milner group's effect on India was disastrous

226: British abolished "suttee, child marriage and thuggery, which were religious in foundation" and they "could have reduced cow worship and especially the number of cows, they would have conferred on India a blessing…"

228: Milner group 'split the vote' to swing election

230 - 232: Milner group shared power with Cecil Bloc in the period 1915 – 1919 + their role in the Versailles Treaty and the Cliveden set

233: The Kaiser was just a front man, the real power in German (after WW1) remained intact:

"The Kaiser was merely a kind of facade for four other groups: The Prussian Officers' Corps, the Junker landlords, the governmental bureaucracy (especially the administrators of police and justice), and the great industrialists. They did not see that these four had been able to save themselves in 1918 by jettisoning the Kaiser, who had become a liability. They did not see that these four were left in their positions of influence, with their power practically intact—indeed, in many ways with their power greater than ever, since the new "democratic" politicians like Ebert, Scheidemann, and Noske were much more subservient to the four groups than the old imperial authorities had ever been."

235: Germany to be used in balance of power, post WWI:

"The League of Nations, which had been regarded by the Group as the seed whence a united Europe might grow, became nothing more than a propaganda machine, as soon as the Group resumed its belief in the balance of power."

240 - 241: Wanted to use Germany as a force against Russia and France / balance of power + arguments against the severity of German reparations and using influence to direct policy against the treaty + the Dawes plan:

"The aim of the Milner Group through the period from 1920 to 1938 was the same: to maintain the balance of power in Europe by building up Germany against France and Russia; to increase Britain's weight in that balance by aligning with her the Dominions and the United States; to refuse any commitments (especially any commitments through the League of Nations, and above all any commitments to aid France) beyond those existing in 1919; to keep British freedom of action; to drive Germany eastward against Russia if either or both of these two powers became a threat to the peace of Western Europe."

248 - 249: Quigley claims "The Milner Group never intended that the League of Nations should be used as an instrument of collective security…" (My arguments against this position appear on pages 157 – 159 of Tragedy and Hope 101.)

253: British and Americans 'to satisfy the demand from their own delegations as well as the French, spread a camouflage of sham world government' over the Covenant of the League of Nations

259: Milner Group's manipulation of public opinion about the League of Nations

"The ability of the Milner Group to mobilize public opinion in regard to the League of Nations is almost beyond belief. It was not a simple task, since they were simultaneously trying to do two things: on the one hand, seeking to build up popular opinion in favor of the League so that its work could be done more effectively; and, at the same time, seeking to prevent influential people from using the League as an instrument of world government before popular opinion was ready for a world government."

264: Locarno Pacts deception

"The Group determined to give the world the appearance of a guarantee to France. This was done in the Locarno Pacts, the most complicated and most deceitful international agreement made between the Treaty of Versailles and the Munich Pact."

265-267: Set Germany and Russia against each other, kill two birds with one stone:

"Certain members of the Milner Group and of the British Conservative government had reached the fantastic idea that they could kill two birds with one stone by setting Germany and Russia against one another in Eastern Europe. In this way they felt that the two enemies would stalemate one another, or that Germany would become satisfied with the oil of Rumania and the wheat of the Ukraine. It never occurred to anyone in a responsible position that Germany and Russia might make common cause, even temporarily, against the West. Even less did it occur to them that Russia might beat Germany and thus open all Central Europe to Bolshevism."

269 – 271: British appeasement of Hitler + blocking / undermining France's attempts to ally with Russia + League of coercion couldn't work without the United States:

"Hitler was given ample assurance by the Milner Group, both within and without the government, that Britain would not oppose his efforts 'to achieve arms equality…' When France tried to counterbalance Germany's rearmament by bringing the Soviet Union into her eastern alliance system…the British counteracted this by making the Anglo-German naval agreement…This agreement…allowed German to build up to 35 percent of the size of the British Navy (and up to 100 percent in submarines). This was a deadly stab in the back to France…This agreement put the French Atlantic coast so completely at the mercy of the Germany Navy that France became completely dependent on the British fleet for protection in this area.

It goes without saying that the whole inner core of the Group, and their chief publications, such as The Times and The Round Table, approved the policy of appeasement completely and prodded it along with calculated indiscretions when it was felt necessary to do so. After the remilitarization of the Rhineland, The Times cynically called this act 'a chance to rebuild…'

In the House of Commons…Amery systematically attacked the use of force to sustain the League of Nations…he said: 'I admit, as originally drafted...the Covenant contained the Clauses that stood for coercion and for definite automatic obligations...[which is why] the United States . . . repudiated it. From that moment the keystone was taken out of the whole arch of any League of coercion....'"

275: Hitler and the German government's view of Britain's intentions:

"Hitler's government became convinced of three things: (a) that Britain regarded Germany as the chief bulwark against communism in Europe; (b) that Britain was prepared to join a Four Power agreement of France, Germany, Italy, and herself; and (c) that Britain was prepared to allow Germany to liquidate Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland if this could be done without provoking a war into which the British Government, however unwillingly, would be dragged in opposition to Germany."

281: More of Quigley being upset with the Milner Group's 'appeasement policy'

283 - 286: Must use propaganda to get what they want (churches, universities and other instruments at their disposal) + fraudulent 'war scare' created to sooth public outcries against giving Czechoslovakia to Hitler + the 'Fraudulent nature of the Munich crisis':

"The chief obstacle to this union was to be found in men's minds was perfectly clear to Curtis. To overcome this obstacle, he put his faith in propaganda, and the chief instruments of that propaganda, he said, must be the churches and the universities. He said nothing about the Milner Group, but, considering Curtis's position in this Group and that Lothian and others agreed with him, it is not surprising that the chief source of this propaganda is to be found in those agencies controlled by the Group…

The outraged cries of protest from all sides which greeted this suggestion made it clear that further softening up of the British public was urgently necessary before it would be safe to hand over Czechoslovakia to Hitler. This was done in the war-scare of September 15-28 in London. That this war-scare was fraudulent and that Lord Halifax was deeply involved in its creation is now clear…To frighten the British people, the British government circulated stories about the strength of the German Army and Air Force which were greatly exaggerated; they implied that Germany would use poison gas at once and from the air, although this was quite untrue; they distributed gas masks and madly built trenches in London parks, although the former were needless and the latter worthless…The fraudulent nature of the Munich crisis appears throughout its history."

287 – 288: German threat greatly exaggerated, lie still told to this day:

"All the accepted estimates of Germany rearmament in the period 1933-1939 were gross exaggerations…if the British government had desired, Germany would have been facing France, Britain, and Russia, as well as Czechoslovakia [but] to perpetuate the fable about the necessity for the Munich surrender, they have continued to repeat the untrue propaganda stories of 1937 -1939 regarding German armaments…They have done this even though this story is untrue and they are in a position to know that it is untrue."

288: German army officers' plot to kill Hitler

290: Quigley defines the "Munich plot"

"All of this evidence and much more would seem to support the theory of a 'Munich plot'—that is, the theory that the British government had no intention or desire to save Czechoslovakia in 1938 and was willing or even eager to see it partitioned by Hitler, and only staged the war scare of September in order to make the British people accept this abuse of honor and sacrifice of Britain's international position. The efforts which the British government made after Munich to conceal the facts of that affair would support this interpretation. The chief question, from our point of view, lies in the degree to which the Milner Group were involved in this 'plot.' There can be no doubt that the Chamberlain group was the chief factor in the scheme. There is also no doubt that various members of the Milner Group second circle, who were close to the Chamberlain group, were involved. The position of the inner core of the Milner Group is not conclusively established, but there is no evidence that they were not involved and a certain amount of evidence that they were involved."

292 - 294: Milner Group reverses their appeasement position in March of 1939 + quote about world government:

"Until federation abolishes sovereignty and creates a true world government amenable to public opinion" (which they manipulate at will) "the nations will continue to live in anarchy…"

301: The "West" warns the Swedish government that it views Sweden's refusal to allow allied access to its land a threat to their 'vital interests' and that they intend to defend those interests 'by whatever measure they may think necessary.'

309: Quigley suggests a 'decline in power' among the new Milner recruits